Philosophical Reflection on the Changing Face of Economic Development in the Context of Sustainability

This article examines the changing nature of economic development through the lens of sustainability. It explores agriculture’s evolving role within the economy—not only as a productive sector but also as a provider of public goods such as biodiversity, landscape preservation, and food security. The analysis draws on classical and modern theories, including Friedrich List’s stages of national development and A. Fisher’s three-sector model, which outlines the structural shift from agriculture to industry and services. Keynesian interventionism is revisited to highlight the state’s role in stabilizing economies and supporting vulnerable sectors, with the New Deal serving as a practical example. A central focus is the concept of sustainable development, traced from its origins in forestry to its adoption by global institutions. The article emphasizes the need to balance economic growth with environmental protection and social equity. Ecological agriculture is presented as a model aligned with sustainability principles, despite its lower input efficiency. The article synthesizes diverse theoretical perspectives and empirical insights, advocating for a multidimensional approach to development that harmonizes economic, social, and ecological goals. The analysis is based on Polish academic publications, translated by the author for the purpose of this study.